Hello mauroad!
In the Apple Vision Pro User guide on the Turn on and set up Apple Vision Pro page, it states:
If you don’t have an iPhone with iOS 17 or iPad with iPadOS 17 or later, tap Set Up Manually.
Not having an iPhone at all is the same situation as not having one with iOS 17. If you have an iPad with iPadOS 17, you can still use the Quick Start feature.
So, in direct answer to your question, no, you do need an iPhone camera (which, as Qwerty292 said, can be borrowed from a friend), but you do not need to own an iPhone to buy or set up Apple Vision Pro. Owning an iPhone simply makes the setup more convenient.
I hope this helps!