Apple does publish its software releases - and applicability by model:
Apple security releases - Apple Support
Similarly, devices that are vintage or obsolete - that no are longer supported by Apple - are documented here:
Obtaining service for your Apple product after an expired warranty - Apple Support
As of 12 December 2025, here is a list of the highest version of iOS supported by the older models of iPad (for simplicity - “generations” are shortened to a number) that are restricted in their ability to be updated:
32-bit devices (obsolete)
iPad1 - iOS 5.1.1
iPad2, iPad3 and iPad mini1 - iOS 9.3.5 (WiFi Only models), iOS 9.3.6 (WiFi+Cellular)
iPad4 - iOS 10.3.3 (WiFi Only), iOS 10.3.4 (WiFi+Cellular)
64-bit devices
iPad Air1*, iPad mini2* and iPad mini3* - iOS 12.5.7
iPad Air2*, iPad mini4 - iPadOS 15.8.5
iPad5*, iPad Pro (9.7"/12.9" 1st generation)* - iPadOS 16.7.12
iPad6, iPad Pro 12.9" 2nd generation*, iPad Pro 10.5" - iPadOS 17.7.10
iPad7 - iPadOS 18.7.3
(*) obsolete
Newer models are all able to be updated to the current version - iPadOS 26.2, or optionally if running iPadOS 18.x to iPadOS 18.7.3
- iPad Pro 13" (M4/M5)
- iPad Pro 12.9" (3rd generation and later)
- iPad Pro 11" (1st generation and later + M4/M5)
- iPad Air (3rd generation and later + M2/M3)
- iPad (8th generation and later + A16)
- iPad mini (5th generation and later + A17 Pro)