CESNET wrote: …I didn’t check the box 'delete from phone after import' when importing to the MacBook,
Good. It's never ever a good idea to delete things automatically. First Rule of Computers: Never delete anything before checking that what you thought was happening really was.
Do you know if there’s a simpler way to do this?
Well, the simplest way is to use iCloud. I use "Optimize Storage" on my phone so that it keeps the Originals at iCloud.com, and the phone keeps smaller screen sized files. But the originals are always available for editing and so on. My Library is 140GB, but all those pictures use only 5GB on my phone. That costs $3/month.
I also have two Libraries on my Mac (well, really more) so that one Library is for sharing with other devices. That's the one that's 150GB, the one I connect to iCloud, the one that's on ly 5GB on the phone. But I have larger archive Libraries on my Mac to choose those from.
OK, that didn't address your immediate problem. I'm guessing that you looked at the Duplicates view, and you don't see them there? If they do show as duplicates, that will give the file sizes, and you can deal with them there. Maybe that's too easy to be true.
If that's not woking, then the answer is to use your Mac to do it. Everything is easier on a Mac. Pictures copied from a computer to a phone by cable are severely handicapped-- they can't be edited or even deleted. It's a mess. So I would get rid of all the transferred pictures in Photos on the phone and start over. You can erase the non-trash pictures by signing on to iCloud Photos. You'll get a message that it will delete all the troublesome pictures. Say OK, and then turn off iCloud after it has deleted them, and before it has started copying.
I don't know how you made lower resolution pictures, but I think that I would start over on the Mac. Select the pictures you want on your phone. Here's one way to do that:
Choosing Favorites using Keywords in Mac … - Apple Community
or however you want. Mark them with a "favorite" symbol or a keyword so you can find them later. You can use File>Export>Export nn Photos to produce picture files of any size you want. Then you can send them to the phone from folders, or you can put them in their own Library, designate that as the System Library, and sync from there. They'll be un-deleteable, again. Or, better, you can put all the picture into a separate Library, buy one month of iCloud for $3, sync Photos, and then turn off iCloud. Those pictures will be be transferred and delectable.
More than you asked for, probably. If some of that made no sense, ask for clarification, or even more ideas…