Restoring data from a phone that won't boot

My daughter has an iPhone 13 mini. She has been backing up to iCloud. Her phone broke, but we have 3rd-party insurance, so it wasn't going to be a big deal. While we were waiting for the replacement phone to arrive, the phone started having issues where it wouldn't boot. That made me nervous, because we have to return her broken phone with "find my" turned off (for obvious reasons).

So, while her phone was working for a couple of minutes, I removed her phone from Find My. I made sure the most recent backup date was that day.

Now I have her replacement phone, but it can't find any backups in iCloud for her iCloud account.

And I can't get her phone to boot at all now.

I plugged it in to my MacBook Pro, but all it says is basically that the phone can't be restored and all I can do is reset it.

I really don't want to reset it because she has a bunch of passwords and stuff and all her photos and everything is about to be lost.

Please tell me there is a way to get that stuff back!?

iPhone 13 mini, red, 256GB, AT&T