As far as I am aware, there is no local method and the newer operating systems that embrace containers and group containers over preferences will fail with this type of local sync.
Your best option is to embrace the cloud. If you must do iCloud, I strongly encourage going down the Managed Apple ID route or you will have no control of your data. If you don't have ABM/ASM or can't enable Managed Apple IDs because you already have Apple IDs that are not conducive to migration, then look at other FileProvider services like Microsoft or Dropbox. In these cases, the user must store data in the cloud aware locations. But if you enable Desktop sync in OneDrive, then the user's core home folder content is sycned to the OneDrive location while you can also sync your Teams sites for collaborative data.
Now, when the user goes between devices, most of their content is available across those devices.
Hope this is helpful.