How do I get the verification code for Apple ID?

From: Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication - Apple Support

A code is sent first to your trusted devices automatically:

"If you have a trusted device running iOS 9 and later, OS X El Capitan and later, iPadOS 13 and later, or watchOS 6 and later, the verification code is displayed automatically on your trusted devices."

If you don’t have a trusted device handy, you can choose to have a verification code sent to your trusted phone number as a text message or phone call.

1. Click "Didn't get a verification code" on the sign in screen.

2. Choose to have the code sent to your trusted phone number.

3. You'll get a text message or phone call from Apple with your verification code. This text message might include an additional domain validation line. This line includes the @ symbol, the website name, and your code (for example: @icloud.com #123456 %apple.com).

4. Enter the code on your other device to complete sign in.

"If you can’t receive a verification code on your trusted devices automatically, you can get one from Settings, even if your device is offline."

On a mobile device go to Settings > [your name] > Tap Password & Security > Get Verification Code.

On a Mac: Go to Apple menu  > System Preferences [System Settings], then click Apple ID. Click Password & Security > Get Verification Code.

"If you can’t sign in, reset your password, or receive verification codes, you can request account recovery to regain access to your account [ How to use account recovery when you can’t reset your Apple ID password - Apple Support ]. Account recovery might take a few days or longer, depending on the specific account information you can provide to verify your identity."