iPad
I need to remove an old phone number associated with my iPad so that I can sync with my new iPhone number.
iPhone XR, iOS 16
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You shouldn’t need to change anything to use and synchronise your iPhone with your iPad.
An iPad, whether a Cellular model or not, is not capable of directly accessing Cellular Voice or SMS/MMS Messaging features. An iPad with either WiFi or Cellular connectivity alone can only access IP-data services.
If you have added a DataSIM and Cellular plan to a WiFi+Cellular model of iPad, the number associated with the SIM card is only used to identify your account for billing purposes. This number is not used for making calls or sending messages - and has absolutely no impact upon your iPhone.
However, when paired with an iPhone, the capabilities of the iPad significantly broaden to include access to Cellular Voice and Messaging services of the associated iPhone - relayed to the iPad over WiFi using Apple’s continuity features.
More information about Continuity and the relevant Cellular services can be found here:
Continuity
Use Continuity to connect your Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod touch and Apple Watch – Apple Support
SMS/MMS Messaging
WiFi Calling
Make a call with Wi-Fi Calling – Apple Support
For SMS/MMS Messaging from your iPad, both the iPad and iPhone must be signed-in to iCloud with the same AppleID. Additionally, you must explicitly enable Text Message Forwarding for your iPad on the iPhone...
On your iPhone:
Settings > Messages > Text Message Forwarding - set to ON - and explicitly enable your iPad from the list of devices.
Also ensure that Messages in iCloud is enabled on both your iPhone and iPad:
Settings > [Your Name / AppleID] > Messages - set to ON