Track a iPhone with location off

Find My is the only service that Apple offers that can track a phone and it requires location sharing be active on the device.

Set up Find My on your iPhone, Mac, and other devices - https://support.apple.com/HT210400

"If you want to be able to find your lost device on a map, make sure that Location Services is turned on."

With location services off, a phone cannot be tracked online.

~Lyssa