How do I restore photos to this upgraded phone that I deleted from my old phone?

When you delete photos (or anything else) that are synced to iCloud they are deleted from iCloud itself and all devices that also sync to iCloud. iCloud is a syncing service, not an archiving service.

Check if photos are still on iCloud at icloud.com. If they are there, enable iCloud Photo Library and leave the new phone charging overnight with a good Wi-Fi connection.