How do I get a refund for unintended Capcut and Beautycam app purchases on my iPhone XS?

Deleting an app does not cancel a free trial. You cancel that here:

View or cancel app subscriptions on iPhone - Apple Support

You accepted a free trial for both of those apps and that is only done by authorizing the Free Trial and it requires you to double click the side button with the length of the free trial, subscription start date, subscription price and the VERY important message that says to avoid the subscription charge, you must cancel the free trial a day before the subscription start date. After you accept those terms by double clicking the side button, then verification is made with Face ID/Touch ID or Passcode.

Now that you know how those charged occurred and you requested a refund on November 12th, it just hasn't been posted by your bank to reflect the refund. Review the information provided here for expected times that you may have to wait. For me, it only takes about 5 business days for my bank to post a refund and currently you are at 4 business days, but as seen in the support article below if it has been 30 days then you are instructed to contact your credit card company.

If your refund is approved, the funds are applied to the same payment method that you used to buy the item. Here's how long it takes for a refund to appear on your account or statement:

• Store credit—It might take up to 48 hours to see the refund in your Apple Account balance.
• Mobile phone billing—It might take up to 60 days for the statement to show the refund. Processing time might be affected by your carrier. You can contact your carrier for an update.
• Credit and debit cards, Apple Pay, Apple Cash, and all other payment methods—It might take up to 30 days for the statement to show the refund. If you don't see the refund after 30 days, contact your financial institution.

Check the status of a refund for apps or content that you bought from Apple - Apple Support

Payment Methods are declined for a couple of reasons, either your bank of the issued card has not approved it to be added to your account, or Apple has deemed the card invalid if a previous purchase had failed or you reported a fraudulent charge. You can contact Apple directly here, but they cannot force your bank to approve the card and that is a decision only the bank can make. If the details on your Apple Account don't match those of the Account Holder of the credit card, that is one reason why the bank may decline for obvious reasons.

Contact Apple Support - Apple Support

For the hardware problem with your phone after it had been dropped, you will need to schedule an appointment to have it looked at where you will then be given repair or replace options.

Genius Bar Reservation and Apple Support Options - Apple