Did you read the information that has been provided?
I have a VISA Wells Fargo card as well and it participates in the VISA Account Updater program that does exactly what you describe. When a recurring payment is set up on your card, that payment will continue even if the bank changes your card number. Your bank knows this as it is their card that is participating in that program. I can point you to the Wells Fargo terms for using your bank card.
If you give your debit card number to a merchant with authorization to bill it for recurring payments, or to keep it on file for future purchases or payments, the merchant may receive updated card information to process such payments, for example, if the merchant participates in the VISA Account Updater Service or a similar service.
https://www.wellsfargo.com/assets/pdf/about/community-reinvestment/2021-ar-consumer-disclosures.pdf
If the senior banker at Wells Fargo has no idea what the VISA Account Updater program is that their debit card participates in, then that is a huge problem. They are either incompetent or flat out lying to you on what is happening.
Now to the subscriptions that are being charged to your account, if they are legitimate charges from Apple, then you will see them on your Apple Account in the purchase history and subscription links that I provided. Since they are not there, then it is your card that has been compromised just as Jeff Donald has said. This is done easily by scammers who install shimmers/skimmers on retail terminals to read your card numbers. We see this frequently at Gas Stations where the scammers can install the devices overnight with little interruptions. In this case you must dispute the charges with your bank and they are obligated to prove you have made that purchase. An example of this scam is here:
https://discover.hubpages.com/money/Apple-iTunes-866-712-7753-Scam
To confirm the charges are fraudulent charges to your account from Apple, you can also contact them directly here. They will be able to confirm they are fraudulent, but it will still be up to your bank to resolve the problem.
Contact Apple for support and service - Apple Support
If you continue to get pushback from your bank after formally disputing the charges, in the US the next step is to file a complaint with the CFPB. This is a government agency that is responsible for making sure the banks are following the rules and regulations to protect the consumer. In most cases, you will get a response in 15 days.
https://www.consumerfinance.gov/complaint/
I am trying to help you here. I have the same bank as you do and the information that they have provided you is wrong about billing your replacement card. You may have a fraudulent recurring charge due to your card being compromised, but it is the bank that approved those charges. Blaming it on Apple is only an attempt to deflect their responsibility. I recommend you pay close attention to the information that Jeff Donald also provides as he is an expert in this field and has a wealth of knowledge that will be helpful as well.