UPDATE:
After writing the response below , I saw a suggestion in another thread that turning off the VPN connection on my phone might solve the problem - and it did! Seemed like a counterintuitive solution to me but I'm not complaining.
Anyone still having the same problem might want to try disabling VPN on their phone, resetting all pairing settings, and trying again.
Keeping my original message below for search purposes in case anyone with the same specs as me is having this problem.
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ORIGINAL RESPONSE:
Same issue here with my iPhone 15 Pro with iOS 18 on a 2019 Honda HRV Sport.
CarPlay using a wired connection was working perfectly through iOS 17.7.
After updating to iOS 18, the car no longer recognizes the phone.
Unpairing and repairing the phone in car system settings, unpairing car settings from CarPlay settings, using different (all genuine Apple) cords – none of these solutions work.
So I have to assume it's a bug/incompatibility issue with Carplay in iOS 18 and my car.
Hopefully someone from Apple will see this and point us towards a solution, or that Apple fixes the issue in the next iOS update.